Business and Law Pearson Business Publications

Question: Depict about the Business and Law for Pearson Business Publications. Answer: Issue Considering the data gave, decide whether Rebecca can possibly document a case on Michelle with respect to carelessness. Rule For building up carelessness in a specific circumstance, there are basically three basic necessities that should be satisfied. In any case, show that the offended party owed an obligation to mind from the side of the litigant. Further, it should be built up that the litigant penetrated the obligation to mind by acting in a careless way. Because of the careless conduct of the offended party, the respondent has endured hurt which would have happened if the break didn't occur (Lindgren, 2011). Obligation to Care So as to set up the obligation to mind on part of the respondent, the usually utilized test is the Neighbor test concerning this test, the meaning of neighbor incorporates all people who might be affected by the decision show by the activity practitioner comparable to proceeding with a specific strategy or not participating in the equivalent (Gibson Fraser, 2014). This is unmistakably exhibited in the contentions introduced as a major aspect of the decision of Donoghue v. Stevenson [1932] AC 562 at 580 case. Concerning finding out the effect of the exercises, the degree is fairly wide and doesn't need to affect in fiscal sense or physical terms and should be as passionate or mental pressure. Be that as it may, the exact shapes of obligation to mind are limited by the harm or mischief that is predictable in nature and the respondent need not expand obligation of care with respect to harms that are exceptionally impossible (Davenport Parker, 2014). Penetrate of obligation It is basic that the respondent takes sensible activities in order to guarantee that the neighbor doesn't get hurt from the predictable causes. If sensible advances are made by the move practitioner, at that point it might be accepted that the obligation is released (Harvey, 2009). Further, the stretch out of care that is given to the neighbor ought to be as per the hidden danger of acquiring harm. On the off chance that these are not taken, at that point it is expressed that a penetrate of obligation to mind has happened. It might be conceivable that regardless of the augmentation of sensible consideration, the neighbor may get harm. In such cases, there is no penetrate of the obligation to mind (Pendleton Vickery, 2005). Mischief/Damages As featured over, the harm that is tort law covers is somewhat far reaching in extension and aim. It is basic that a causal connection be set up between the penetrate of obligation by the activity practitioner and the harm endured by the neighbor. This can be definitively learned by demonstrating that injury would not have brought about the occasion of obligation of care being clung to. Additionally, harms in tort law could be guaranteed for the harm that is legitimately or by implication connected with the break in the obligation to mind (Latimer, 2005). Likewise, now and again, it might so happen that in spite of the fundamental hazard related with a specific action, the neighbor chooses to take an interest in that movement and gets harmed. In such cases, the neighbor likewise needs to share possible obligation as featured in the area on cures accessible to the respondent (Gibson Fraser, 2014). Barrier Available The litigant likewise has some safeguard moves toward that may assist with warding off the tort obligation either incompletely or completely. One of the key safeguards that is critical in the given case is the standard of deliberate hazard supposition (Lindgren, 2011). According to this standard, if the neighbor chooses to be available in conditions or take an interest in exercises where the hazard in inescapable, at that point if there should arise an occurrence of enduring harms, a piece of the accuse should be borne by the neighbor as there was decision with respect to introduction of this hazard. Henceforth, in such circumstances, fractional fault is moved from the action practitioner to the neighbor who is blamed for being careless (Harvey, 2009). Application According to the significant realities, there was an exhibition postpone which gives Rebecca and Michelle to visit a bar and become inebriated. After the finish of the exhibition, Rebecca could plainly understand that Michelle was under liquor impact and henceforth taking a ride home in her vehicle was a hazardous suggestion. Inspite of this, Rebecca consented to be driven home in vehicle with Michelle. Michelle needed control on the vehicle and thus drove in a hazardous way and consequently Rebecca detecting the threat asked her stop. In any case, every one of her solicitations were futile as Michelle kept driving which prompted the vehicle meeting an accident. The accident brought about Rebecca continuing wounds of genuine nature. In view of the given realities, it is clear that since Michelle is in the drivers seat, thus her driving activities have suggestions for all the individuals that are situated in the vehicle. As Rebecca is situated in the vehicle, subsequently s obligation of care exists for the benefit of Michelle coordinated towards Rebecca. By choosing to drive much affected by liquor, the obligation to mind is damaged by Michelle as she ought to have denied taking Rebecca home in this circumstance. Further, Michelle didn't tune in to Rebecca when she made rehashed solicitations to move out of the vehicle which built up careless lead of Michelle. Had Michelle conformed to her obligation by either not drinking or agreeing to Rebeccas solicitation to stop the vehicle, the harm endured could have been maintained a strategic distance from. Thus, Michelle is plainly at risk for the wounds continued by Rebecca. Anyway with all due respect, Michelle might show that Rebecca ought not have acknowledged a dr ive from her particularly when she was very much aware of Michelles circumstance. In this manner, some risk concerning carelessness likewise falls on Rebecca. End The above contentions obviously demonstrate that incomplete achievement would be accomplished by Rebecca with respect to her carelessness guarantee against Michelle. References Davenport, S. Parker, D. 2014, Business and Law in Australia second version, LexisNexis Publications, Sydney Gibson, A Fraser, D 2014, Business Law, eighth release, Pearson Publications, Sydney Latimer, P 2005, Australian business law, 24th release, CCH Australia Ltd. Sydney Pendleton, W Vickery, N 2005, Australian business law: standards and applications, fifth release, Pearson Publications, Sydney Harvey, C. 2009, Foundations of Australian law. third eds., Tilde University Press, Prahran, Victoria Lindgren, KE 2011, Vermeesch and Lindgren's Business Law of Australia, twelfth eds., LexisNexis Publications, Sydney Pathinayake, A 2014, Commercial and Corporations Law, second eds., Thomson-Reuters, Sydney

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCIDs) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Extreme Combined Immunodeficiency (SCIDs) - Essay Example The most well-known contaminations are respiratory diseases. Since the sickness is a passive quality, a pony conveying one of the qualities seems typical yet when a foal is brought into the world with two inadequate qualities the outcome is 100% deadly (Oglesby, horseadvice.com). Heterogenous transporters can move transformations to their posterity. The condition is described by lymphopenia, hypogammaglobulinemia, and nonappearance of tissue lymphocytes. There is a conclusive test for SCID quality in Arabian foals. The test is performed on discharges from the mucosal swab or blood. The particular test includes cutting up the DNA with PCR limitation chemicals and afterward looking at the applicable area of the quality. Hereditary reason for a SCID is a 5-base pair erasure inside the reactant subunit of DNA subordinate genius tein kinase (DNA-PKc) (Zavrtanik, Mesaric, and Majdic, 2005, p.37-41). This transformation causes a casing shift at codon 3155 of the transcript. This further outcomes in 967 amino corrosive cancellation from the C-end that incorporates whole phosphatidylinositol 3-linase area, along these lines making DNA-PKC practically latent. The influenced foals are clinically typical during childbirth. In any case, they before long create indications of contamination during the initial 2 months of life. The main clinical signs are typically seen between two days and a month and a half old enough. These signs incorporate fever, tachycardia and tachypnea. The little creatures are unthrifty, torpid and tire without any problem. Be that as it may, they proceed to nurture and eat strong food. Respiratory contamination happens ordinarily and is shows as two-sided nasal release, hack and dyspnea. The individuals who endure longer may create constant looseness of the bowels, alopecia and dermatitis (Zavrtanik, Mesaric, and Majdic, 2005, p.37-41). The most steady discoveries in SCID are lymphopenia (

Alices Snazzy Pajamas Essay Example For Students

Alices Snazzy Pajamas Essay In S. G. Tylers story Alices Snazzy Pajamas, a poor, persevering lady finds a smooth fortune, a couple of scarcely utilized, costly night robe in the neighborhood Goodwill Thrift Store. These night wear become her unique departure, her window with a view, from her hard life into a spectacular world, similar to Hollywood, that she may never know. Unfortunately, her nephew spills squeeze on the night robe and it gets demolished. Alice despite everything keeps the night wear, and takes them out once in a while, cautiously orchestrating it so the stains are covered up. She never wears them again. All through the story, Tyler utilizes imagery to show that there is consistently an ideal opportunity for your fantasies regardless of the real world, even in the littlest things. In the start of the story, Alice is scanning for inexpensively, sleepwear in a back corner of the store where she discovers excellence. She finds a delicate, supernatural bit of silk that can take her to a different universe, satisfy her fantasies in a little way. She discovers silk night robe for just $3 that typically would have cost $220. Alice had claimed nothing like it. Never expected to. She was entranced simply taking a gander at them(3). With these nightgown, she feels like a famous actor. She felt like somebody special(4). She can imagine that tomorrow she doesnt need to get up and slave away one more day. When Alice gets off work, she anticipates her nightgown. She needs to battle to discover a seat on the transport ride home. While she rides, she fantasizes about a real existence where you could have the best things without a battle. Her night robe got her through four and a half months(5). She treats her nightgown with the best of care, washing it in Ivory Snow, hang drying , pressing, and hanging it up in her entryway so she can see them. They are so essential to her, she just wears them an hour or so consistently after a shower and before going to bed(5). At the point when Alice wears her night wear, she jumps at the chance to present in them, get significantly more profound into her dream of easy street. She puts cushions all around herself and sits in front of the TV or peruses film magazines. At that point one night, Alice has just expelled her uncommon nightgown and she is as yet clutching her dream by finding out about the Academy Awards in bed. Reality comes thumping on her entryway as Alices sister and her sisters two youngsters. Her sister has quite recently left her better half, whom Alice alludes to as the bastard(6). She discovers her clothing container with grimy garments in it, dumps it on the table and chooses to utilize it for the child to stay in bed and gives her nephew a beverage and a pencil and paper to draw with so Alice can concentrate on her sister. While Alice attempts to get the entire story from her wailing sister, her nephew spills grape squeeze on the table and all over her night robe, destroying it. The juice recolors on Alices nightgown won't come out thus closes her day by day longs for marvelousness. She feels that her fantasy has now been polluted, by one way or another demolished, similar to the night robe. She pressed them smooth, collapsed them in tissue paper, and set them aside in the base pull-out of her bureau with a lavender sachet(9). Alice stashes her fantasy, affectionately and cautiously, put something aside for some other time when she can take it out and look and recollect. Alice comes back to Goodwill consistently, searching for decent things. She finds a few things in different pieces of the store that get her attention, yet none as extraordinary as her night robe. In spite of the fact that she discovered nothing much in the undergarments corner, Alice kept looking(9). .u966a5ba1a651fc288cc8377dde19b864 , .u966a5ba1a651fc288cc8377dde19b864 .postImageUrl , .u966a5ba1a651fc288cc8377dde19b864 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u966a5ba1a651fc288cc8377dde19b864 , .u966a5ba1a651fc288cc8377dde19b864:hover , .u966a5ba1a651fc288cc8377dde19b864:visited , .u966a5ba1a651fc288cc8377dde19b864:active { border:0!important; } .u966a5ba1a651fc288cc8377dde19b864 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u966a5ba1a651fc288cc8377dde19b864 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u966a5ba1a651fc288cc8377dde19b864:active , .u966a5ba1a651fc288cc8377dde19b864:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u966a5ba1a651fc288cc8377dde19b864 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u966a5ba1a651fc288cc8377dde19b864 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content embellishment: underline; } .u966a5ba1a651fc288cc8377dde19b864 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u966a5ba1a651fc288cc8377dde19b864 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content beautification: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u966a5ba1a651fc288cc8377dde19b864:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u966a5ba1a651fc288cc8377dde19b864 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u966a5ba1a651fc288cc8377dde19b864-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u966a5ba1a651fc288cc8377dde19b864:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Synthesis - Preserving Artifacts EssayShe never surrenders trust that one day she will accomplish her fantasy of a superior life. Alices night wear transport her into a different universe, an existence where dreams work out as expected. She feels increasingly certain, better than anyone might have expected, only for having had a brief look into a superior life. She knows, with each fiber in her being, that some time or another her desires, expectations and dreams will work out as expected. As the last line states, realizing those sweet night robe were at home in her cabinet was sufficient. She realized anything w as possible(10). With that last word, Tyler guarantees us that even little things can assist us with hanging onto lifes silk minutes.

The Readiness of Children to Step into the Classroom :: Child Development Education Psychology Essays

The Readiness of Children to Step into the Classroom Are guardians prepared to red shirt there kids? No, I’m not discussing sports yet kindergarten. Numerous guardians are confronting the issue of whether their youngsters are prepared for the huge advance into the study hall. Before entering kindergarten kids need to build up their perceptual ability (profundity observation). As people we need profundity recognition for location, separation, and ID of articles. Profundity discernment is a troublesome point to access because of the way that the world is three dimensional and human dreams are two dimensional. At the point when transmitted to the mind, a picture on the retina isn't an image; rather it is an example of nerve driving forces, stirred by a light example that ends in the visual territory of the cerebral cortex. Through some action of the occipital flaps of the cerebral cortex, individuals obviously see the outer world in a three-dimensional way that is corresponded with the retinal-picture design in some efficient way. Analysts are especially intrigued by the signals which empower individuals to see profundity and separation. Boost designs for exciting a profundity experience happen when people are given explicit prompts. The prompts might be monocular, compelling when utilizing one eye just as two, or binocular, requiring the utilization of the two eyes. The signals may likewise be mental, contingent just upon the visual picture, or physiological, starting from the structure and development of the eyes. In this paper I will clarify perceptual turn of events and how it identifies with creatures, babies, and visually impaired newborn children. Earliest stages is the time of life where improvement happens most quickly. Advancement happens in a wide range of ways and has been classified with the investigation of earliest stages into physical, engine, and perceptual turn of events. Every one of these types of advancement happens all the while and progress in each encourages the advancement of the other. There are numerous examinations I will survey to additionally disclose how they add to clarifying the advancement of observation. In growing direct observation one must have the option to legitimately see what the items and surfaces in nature are seen as an activity of affordances. A case of an affordance is step climbing. Strolling down a stairway as a multi month and grown-up are extraordinary. As an individual develops, impression of affordances may change. When climbing the steps an individual must have the option to pass judgment on leg length to decide how they climb the steps.

Free Essays on Legal Brief- Korematsu

1. Korematsu v. US, (1944); pg. 638, advised 1/23/96 2. Realities: Shortly after the besieging of Pearl Harbor, the president gave a request permitting the military commandants to bar people of Japanese family line from zones recognized as military regions. 3. Procedural Posture: Korematsu was sentenced for abusing the exclusionary laws. 4. Issue: Whether grouping and rejection dependent on Japanese family line during the WWII was an infringement of equivalent insurance. 5. Holding: No. 6. Dominant part Reasoning: All lawful limitations that shorten the social liberties of a solitary racial gathering are promptly suspect, setting off the â€Å"most unbending scrutiny.† There must be a â€Å"pressing open necessity† for the order. Here, it was difficult to isolate out the unwavering from the traitorous people, so rejection of the entire class was legitimized because of the open risks included. The Congress has enabled to the military to settle on these military based choices. They are not founded on bigotry. 7. Difference Reasoning: [Murphy] Contended the racial grouping was not even reasonably identified with the finish of shielding from intrusion since it was over comprehensive. It is an absurd supposition that all people of Japanese family have the ability to participate in surveillance. The Army had the more compelling other option, which would accord with fair treatment, to hold singular reliability hearings to figure out who was a hazard. [Jackson] felt that the choice was significantly increasingly grave. A military officer may penetrate the constitution briefly from time to time, however for the Supreme Court to excuse it is to make prejudice some portion of the Constitutional precept, fit to be utilized later on by any individual who can show military expediency.... Free Essays on Legal Brief-Korematsu Free Essays on Legal Brief-Korematsu 1. Korematsu v. US, (1944); pg. 638, advised 1/23/96 2. Realities: Shortly after the shelling of Pearl Harbor, the president gave a request permitting the military officers to reject people of Japanese heritage from zones recognized as military regions. 3. Procedural Posture: Korematsu was indicted for disregarding the exclusionary laws. 4. Issue: Whether order and prohibition dependent on Japanese heritage during the WWII was an infringement of equivalent insurance. 5. Holding: No. 6. Larger part Reasoning: All lawful limitations that reduce the social equality of a solitary racial gathering are promptly suspect, setting off the â€Å"most unbending scrutiny.† There must be a â€Å"pressing open necessity† for the order. Here, it was difficult to isolate out the dedicated from the traitorous people, so rejection of the entire class was defended because of the open risks included. The Congress has enabled to the military to settle on these military based choices. They are not founded on prejudice. 7. Dispute Reasoning: [Murphy] Contended the racial arrangement was not even objectively identified with the finish of shielding from attack since it was over comprehensive. It is a nonsensical supposition that all people of Japanese family line have the ability to participate in secret activities. The Army had the more viable other option, which would accord with fair treatment, to hold singular unwaveringness hearings to figure out who was a hazard. [Jackson] felt that the choice was much increasingly grave. A military authority may break the constitution incidentally sometimes, yet for the Supreme Court to excuse it is to make bigotry part of the Constitutional convention, fit to be utilized later on by any individual who can show military expediency....

Effective Classroom Presentations with Mind Maps - Focus

Effective Classroom Presentations with Mind Maps - Focus If youre looking for a way to  create more  engaging and  effective classroom presentations and maybe save some time while doing so, this article is for you. In this quick guide well show you how to use  MindMeister  as a powerful  alternative to classic and often convoluted  options such as PowerPoint or Prezi. MindMeister uses the mind map principle to help students  comprehend and retain information better and offers numerous  practical  ways of utilizing and repurposing content both during and after the presentation. What Is a Mind Map Presentation? A mind map is a diagram that uses keywords, colors, images and other graphical elements to represent information. When you create a mind map, all of its  content is visualized on one single page. The maps subject is always located right at the center of this page. All related subtopics and keywords are arranged around the center in a radiant, two-dimensional structure and connected to it  via lines. A mind map presentation, then, is a dynamic slideshow that you create from such a mind map. Each slide shows a detail of the map, such as a branch or an individual topic. At the beginning, the end, and at key points during the presentation, you can zoom back out so the whole map can be displayed for the audience. How Does a  Mind Map Presentation Work? In a classic Power Point presentation, students are presented with a number of independent  slides, one after the other, with no way of seeing the big picture. There may be a table of contents shown on the first slide, but a list of unfamiliar keywords and headlines is all too quickly forgotten. In order to comprehend and retain individual pieces of information, students need to be able to place them in context and understand how they relate to one another. Its the difference between merely collecting dots, and connecting them. Seeing all topics of the presentation laid out in  the two-dimensional structure of a mind map  helps students do exactly that. How to Create a Mind Map Presentation The best part about mind map presentations is that they are incredibly easy and fast to create. Do you remember how much time you invested in making your last Prezi look good? Or how time-consuming it can be to make  your PowerPoint slides look a little less boring? On the other hand, you can create  a good-looking mind map presentation in less than three minutes. All it takes are 4 simple steps: 1. Map out the content of your presentation Start by creating a new, blank mind map in MindMeister. Write the subject of your presentation in the center of the map, then use the TAB and ENTER keys to create new topics. The TAB key creates sibling topics, the ENTER key creates child-topics. Tip:  Use keywords or short phrases for the topics in your map. You can add additional information in the form of notes, links, comments and even attached files without cluttering up your presentation. 2. Add visuals to your map Visuals function as memory  triggers, so make sure to add lots  of images, icons and colors to your map to make the presentation as memorable as possible. You can upload your own images using the sidebar on the right side of the map editor, or simply drag-and-drop images  onto a topic. You can also use different font sizes to highlight individual keywords. 3. Create the presentation slides Now its time to turn your mind map into a presentation. In the footer of the mind map  editor, click on the presentation symbol to open presentation mode. While pressing  the CMD key (or CTRL key if youre on Windows), click and drag  your cursor over topics in the map to create the slides. Start with the topic in the center, then create the other slides in chronological order. Tip:  Show the whole mind map  at the beginning,  somewhere in the middle, and once at the end of the presentation to ensure your audience knows how everything is connected and related to each other. 4. Present your slideshow When all your slides are created, click on the Start Slideshow button to play the presentation inside your browser. You can present to the classroom just like you normally would, by connecting a projector to your computer and projecting the slideshow onto a big screen. Alternatively, you can invite students to the map (making sure to give them read-only access) and broadcast the presentation to their screens (a great way to reach remote learners and support distance education!). Check out this real-time screen recording of us creating a  mind map presentation for a  book report: 5. Utilize and repurpose your presentation Gone are the days when students had to study from those tiny  hard copies of  teachers presentation slides  trying to fit up to 9  slides onto a single A4 sheet to save money on ink, and adding their own barely decipherable notes to the sheet. With MindMeister you can easily share your mind map presentation and enable students to repurpose it for their personal study needs, such as Real-time note taking Export your mind map presentation as a .mind file and either send it to students via email or make it accessible for download in your shared cloud space. Tell students to download and import the file into their own MindMeister account. During your presentation, students can take notes directly inside the mind map, adding details to the keywords as well as emphasizing what seems important to them. This way, they dont end up with two sources of information (namely your slides and their notes), and they  dont feel the need to copy the content  of your slides alongside their own notes just to make sense of them later on. Real-time collaboration If the goal of your presentation is to spark a discussion among students, share your mind map with the whole classroom, ensuring that all students have write-access to it. You can do this  either by creating a secure link and sending it to them, or by inviting them directly via email (take a look at our guide about inviting whole groups of students at once).  As soon as  everyone is logged in, all students can take notes, add ideas and vote others ideas up or down inside the map and all in real-time. Make your map accessible to a wider audience You can publish your mind map to make it accessible for all people on the world wide web. Public mind maps can be found through Google searches, are automatically added to MindMeisters public map library, and can also be embedded into websites, blog posts and Google Pages. Embedded maps are interactive and map presentations can be played just like an embedded Slideshare slideshow. Give it a try by clicking on the play button on the embedded mind map presentation below: Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Book Report on MindMeister. Are you ready to give mind map presentations a try? MindMeister offers great discounts for teachers and students. Sign up for one of our educational plans today or create up to three mind maps for free with our Basic plan. Effective Classroom Presentations with Mind Maps - Focus If youre looking for a way to  create more  engaging and  effective classroom presentations and maybe save some time while doing so, this article is for you. In this quick guide well show you how to use  MindMeister  as a powerful  alternative to classic and often convoluted  options such as PowerPoint or Prezi. MindMeister uses the mind map principle to help students  comprehend and retain information better and offers numerous  practical  ways of utilizing and repurposing content both during and after the presentation. What Is a Mind Map Presentation? A mind map is a diagram that uses keywords, colors, images and other graphical elements to represent information. When you create a mind map, all of its  content is visualized on one single page. The maps subject is always located right at the center of this page. All related subtopics and keywords are arranged around the center in a radiant, two-dimensional structure and connected to it  via lines. A mind map presentation, then, is a dynamic slideshow that you create from such a mind map. Each slide shows a detail of the map, such as a branch or an individual topic. At the beginning, the end, and at key points during the presentation, you can zoom back out so the whole map can be displayed for the audience. How Does a  Mind Map Presentation Work? In a classic Power Point presentation, students are presented with a number of independent  slides, one after the other, with no way of seeing the big picture. There may be a table of contents shown on the first slide, but a list of unfamiliar keywords and headlines is all too quickly forgotten. In order to comprehend and retain individual pieces of information, students need to be able to place them in context and understand how they relate to one another. Its the difference between merely collecting dots, and connecting them. Seeing all topics of the presentation laid out in  the two-dimensional structure of a mind map  helps students do exactly that. How to Create a Mind Map Presentation The best part about mind map presentations is that they are incredibly easy and fast to create. Do you remember how much time you invested in making your last Prezi look good? Or how time-consuming it can be to make  your PowerPoint slides look a little less boring? On the other hand, you can create  a good-looking mind map presentation in less than three minutes. All it takes are 4 simple steps: 1. Map out the content of your presentation Start by creating a new, blank mind map in MindMeister. Write the subject of your presentation in the center of the map, then use the TAB and ENTER keys to create new topics. The TAB key creates sibling topics, the ENTER key creates child-topics. Tip:  Use keywords or short phrases for the topics in your map. You can add additional information in the form of notes, links, comments and even attached files without cluttering up your presentation. 2. Add visuals to your map Visuals function as memory  triggers, so make sure to add lots  of images, icons and colors to your map to make the presentation as memorable as possible. You can upload your own images using the sidebar on the right side of the map editor, or simply drag-and-drop images  onto a topic. You can also use different font sizes to highlight individual keywords. 3. Create the presentation slides Now its time to turn your mind map into a presentation. In the footer of the mind map  editor, click on the presentation symbol to open presentation mode. While pressing  the CMD key (or CTRL key if youre on Windows), click and drag  your cursor over topics in the map to create the slides. Start with the topic in the center, then create the other slides in chronological order. Tip:  Show the whole mind map  at the beginning,  somewhere in the middle, and once at the end of the presentation to ensure your audience knows how everything is connected and related to each other. 4. Present your slideshow When all your slides are created, click on the Start Slideshow button to play the presentation inside your browser. You can present to the classroom just like you normally would, by connecting a projector to your computer and projecting the slideshow onto a big screen. Alternatively, you can invite students to the map (making sure to give them read-only access) and broadcast the presentation to their screens (a great way to reach remote learners and support distance education!). Check out this real-time screen recording of us creating a  mind map presentation for a  book report: 5. Utilize and repurpose your presentation Gone are the days when students had to study from those tiny  hard copies of  teachers presentation slides  trying to fit up to 9  slides onto a single A4 sheet to save money on ink, and adding their own barely decipherable notes to the sheet. With MindMeister you can easily share your mind map presentation and enable students to repurpose it for their personal study needs, such as Real-time note taking Export your mind map presentation as a .mind file and either send it to students via email or make it accessible for download in your shared cloud space. Tell students to download and import the file into their own MindMeister account. During your presentation, students can take notes directly inside the mind map, adding details to the keywords as well as emphasizing what seems important to them. This way, they dont end up with two sources of information (namely your slides and their notes), and they  dont feel the need to copy the content  of your slides alongside their own notes just to make sense of them later on. Real-time collaboration If the goal of your presentation is to spark a discussion among students, share your mind map with the whole classroom, ensuring that all students have write-access to it. You can do this  either by creating a secure link and sending it to them, or by inviting them directly via email (take a look at our guide about inviting whole groups of students at once).  As soon as  everyone is logged in, all students can take notes, add ideas and vote others ideas up or down inside the map and all in real-time. Make your map accessible to a wider audience You can publish your mind map to make it accessible for all people on the world wide web. Public mind maps can be found through Google searches, are automatically added to MindMeisters public map library, and can also be embedded into websites, blog posts and Google Pages. Embedded maps are interactive and map presentations can be played just like an embedded Slideshare slideshow. Give it a try by clicking on the play button on the embedded mind map presentation below: Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Book Report on MindMeister. Are you ready to give mind map presentations a try? 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Dante and the Divine Comedy Inferno - Free Essay Example

In todays society, technology is so prevalent that if you were to go back 15 years in time, youd probably think to yourself There is no way I could survive living in this time. When I say this, I say this because technology assists us in so many ways that it has become a part of our everyday lifestyle. When we wish to contact a loved one, or when we need quick and on the spot information from google, we instantly direct ourselves to some form of technology to cure us of our instant gratification. We even use technology to literally keep us alive. We forget that we are indeed primal creatures. We also forget that no matter what we do, well always have human tendencies that cannot be replaced or thrown out such as a mothers natural tendencies towards her children, or our fight and flight response, or how we automatically get sad when a loved one dies. Our human traits such as envy towards a person, being prideful, being gluttonous age all the way back to even Adam and Eve when Eve ate the apple when she had everything and more to eat. Our traits will never leave us. This is where I fasten the story of Dante and one of his most prominent works: Inferno. Dante and the Divine Comedy Inferno is a literature masterpiece made by Dante Alighieri and is considered to be one of the greatest works of world literature and Italian literature. What this prominent piece is about Dante and his travels through Hell and Purgatory to reach Heaven. In this hellish poem, Dante takes his readers through the depths of Hell and uncovers what scum and evils lie within. It is a spiritual journey expounding the evils of sin through the first-person narration of the aptly named main character, Dante the Pilgrim. In this first section, Dante ventures through multiple circles of Hell, specifically 9 layers of Hell that representing a gradual increase in wickedness, and being at the center of the earth where Satan is held captive after being thrown out of The Kingdom Of Heaven. The sinners, or people being held there in Hell for punishment are punished there for eternity in ways that fit their crimes, or sins. Dante is guided by the Roman poet Virgil through He ll and Purgatory; Beatrice, Dantes ideal woman, guides him through Heaven. His journey is meant to impress upon readers the consequences of sin and the glories of Heaven. The Divine Comedy is also an allegory, a work in which characters, objects, and events have figurative as well as literal meanings. The composition is extremely religious, with its whole point being that individuals have committed wrongdoing going by what is just according to God. I will only be discussing Inferno. I am arguing that Dante and the Inferno looks down upon our natural human tendencies in the wrong way. What I mean by this is that in the Inferno the sins committed by individuals are obviously looked down upon but do not take into account that most of the sins are simply human nature. This matters because we forget that no matter what we do, as stated above, we will always have human innate traits that we can not get rid of and should not be punished Dont get me wrong, even to this day we still condemn gluttony and lust because these traits, in excess, are not something that is desirable amongst mankind. But even though excess of such things are still prevalent today, we do not punish those who commit these acts with eternal jousting of the greedy or the eternal entrapment in flaming tombs. We usually teach people to not do things in excess even though it is apart of genetic code to want something in excess. Not getting off track, the Inferno tells the journey of Dante through Hell, guided by the ancient Roman poet Virgil. In the poem, Hell is depicted as nine circles of torment located within the Earth; it is the realm of those who have rejected spiritual values by yielding to bestial appetites or violence, or by perverting their human intellect to fraud or malice against their fellow men. What I am arguing is that Inferno condemns what we are naturally predisposed to, our innate traits such as gluttony, violence, lust, and things of this nature. This is significant because Inferno veers us away from such things and condemns them as if they are supposed to be looked down upon. Again, not veering away from the point of Inferno which is someones journey on their way to heaven there is a message to be gained from Inferno. Ezra Pound, who was an expatriate American poet and critic, and a major figure in the early modernist poetry movement critiqued the work. Ezra also wrote about the Comedy as a critic and engaged with it as a poet. Pound writes that Dante conceived the real Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise as states, and not places and recommends that readers regard Dantes descriptions of the actions and conditions of the shades as descriptions of mens mental states in life . . . that is to say, mens inner selves stand visibly before the eyes of Dantes intellect. If you read closely the interpretation is that Dantes descriptions of Heaven, Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise as states and not places. A state of mind and not a state of physicality. Ezra continues and recommends that readers regard Dantes descriptions of the actions and conditions of the shades as descr iptions of mens mental states in life . . . that is to say, mens inner selves stand visibly before the eyes of Dantes intellect. For Pound, then, the theology of the Comedy is of little importance; Dantes poem is an example of how poetry can engage with the living world of history by turning the readers mind toward his or her own moral flaws. Moral flaws that can be traced back as traits that we try so hard to suppress. Dont get me wrong, there is a saying that goes Too much of anything is a bad thing. The good thing isnt what is wrong but too much of that specific thing can be wrong. Inferno kind of agrees with this in the fact that when Dante ventures through each circle, he sees that the sins committed were of those in excess. For example, in the poem, Dante and Virgil encounter fortune-tellers who must walk forward with their heads on backwards unable to see what is ahead because while they were on earth, they attempted to see the future by means of which are forbidden by God. Then there is another example in which Dante and Virgil stumble upon those who are suicidal and are punished by being turned into trees that Harpies feed upon. What Im saying is what if someone was born with the ability to look forward in time? How are they able to know that what they are doing is wrong and sinful against God? With the case of those are have committed suicide, what if they were trying to escape a very harsh situation in which death was better than whatever they were going through? Why is Inferno denying the things that could be just but are denied because God sees this as wrong? Did He not create everything human in His image? Why is He punishing those in which He Himself flawed when He created them? In Inferno, the re are vasts amounts of allusions. An allusion is an implied reference to a person, or thing that is a part of another text. Most allusions are based on the presumption that the author and reader both share a mutual understanding of the content and will understand the authors referent. In Inferno, you can see that Dante is a way of expression for Alighieris own opinion about his life and times. Sarah Landass analysis on Dantes Inferno and the allusions therein are that most of the allusions found in the Inferno were used to present a representation of different stereotypes associated with behaviors and attitudes that Dante felt were injurious to Italian society, as well as to the rest of the world. Each different allusion represents some aspect of political, social, or religious life that badly needed reform in Dantes time in his opinion so of course Dante would maneuver the poem to fit what he thought needed reform.. With this analysis in mind we come to the question of whether or not this was an actual discovery and journey towards the Heavens or just an opinion? Landas analysis shows us that stereotypes exist in Dante which means that people have always had actions considered ordinary in the medieval times. What this also means is that Dante also wished to express his personal opinions about certain events of his time, and he wished to expose the political beliefs of his party without the risk of personal persecution that might have arisen if he had used some other means of expression. So maybe Inferno isnt even about a journey to the Heavens but about slight shade and a couple of shots at the Italian heads of his time. This also means that this isnt only about God and his c ondemnation of human tendencies but also about Dante and his obsession with the flaws of those above him. This still does not take away from the fact that our human tendencies are looked down upon and punished without mercy. We simply know now that it is also Dante who, in a way, is jealous of those above him and searches for a way to reveal the political viewpoints of his party without the risk of persecution that could have happened if he had used some other means of expression. Dante himself, without himself acknowledging it, was a hypocrite. His supposed reason of writing Inferno was to show the story of a man who has strayed from the straight and narrow path to God, he has to be shown the consequences of his actions. Although the reason for him being in Hell is to show how bad things are if you dont follow the right path, the fact that he is there means he has sinned to some extent. So for him to look down on another sinner shows hypocrisy because there is a verse in The Bible that addresses this with John 8:7 saying He that is without sin among you, let him first cast a stone at her. No one was able to cast a stone because everyone is sinner. Before I continue, I would like to describe how there are displays of hypocrisy in Inferno. What I mean by this is that there are times in which Dante displays some of the sins that are condemned in Hell against the inhabitants of Hell. Is not this poem a religious one with Christian tendencies? Is there not a verse in the Book of Matthew that talks about treating others as you would like to be treated. The verse goes So in everything, do to others what you would have them do to you, for this sums up the Law and the Prophets. (Matthew 7:12). In some ways Dante also throws up a front to display his empathy and sadness towards to inhabitors of Hell. Dont get me wrong, a lot of his acts are genuine because Dante does not know all of the stories of the individuals who are in Hell, he only see their punishment which can be quite considering what they have to go through. In Inferno, Dante can be seen crying and showing pity to the damned multiple times throughout. This is a hint of Dantes Humanity. Dantes most known cry comes from when he hears the tragic story of Paolo and Francesca and comments Francesca, your afflictions move me to tears of sorrow and of pity (v, 116-117), a statement promptly followed by Dantes fainting. But we cannot look past this hypocrisy. Looking more into Inferno we can see Dantes rage and rants. Here is a discussion between Dante and one of the sinners known as Filippo Argenti, Dante to Filippo Argent: Ive come, but I dont star; but who are you, who have become so ugly? Filippo answers: You can see-Im one who weeps. Dante then replies saying harshly In weeping and in grieving, accursed spirit, may you long remain; though youre disguised by filth, I know your name. And when Filippo tries to stretch his hands towards the boat in which they were in Virgil tells Filippo Be off there with the other dogs! and then proceeds to kiss Dantes face proclaiming Indignant soul, blessed is she who bore you in her womb! (Inf. VIII, 34-42) Virgil is celebr ating Dantes rage against Filippo. I thought being Christian and being of God was all about doing to others what you want done to you regardless of what the sinner has done. Does Dante want to be treated harshly as he does the same to others? Did not Jesus Himself sit at the table with sinners? Who is Dante to treat others harshly? This just goes to show that Dante himself has those innate traits that the poem tries so hard to condemn; hatred, rage, and anger. In Inferno you can see that Dante does not even stop here. You can also read Dante arguing with Farinata, ranting against Pope Nicholas III, threatening Bocca with violence, and even breaking a promise to Fra Alberigo. After each round of righteous indignation, Virgil claps Dante on the back and congratulates him for putting yet another sinner in his place. What kind of hypocrisy is this? The big revelation is that Dante is human, not some holier-than-thou spirit. He, too, is capable of sin. When worked up, Dante can lose it with the most wrathful of the Wrathful and mess with words meanings just like those filthy falsifiers. The only difference is that Dante is doing it for the love of God, against people already judged as evil. The hero Dante is supposed to be is now Dante the punisher. Unfortunately, Dantes hasty pity shows a weakness of judgment and later, Dantes damning rhetoric is kind of hypocritical. My next point is Inferno even biblically accurate? If not this can mean that everything therein isnt accurate and can be used as an excuse that the innate traits we possess are not damnation-worthy. What I mean by this is that if Hell is not an accurate description that can be traced back to the actual creation that God may have built, then how do we know for that the sins described in Inferno are actually punished in Hell? Dante presents different levels of suffe ring in hell. For Dante, examples of punishment range from walking endlessly in circles to extremes such as being immersed in boiling blood. However hell ultimately works, the Bible is clear that it is a place of great torment for all and does not make such distinctions of punishment. Aside from the blatantly obvious fact that Purgatory is an unbiblical doctrine, the idea that sinners have another shot at salvation after death is in direct contradiction to the Bible. In the Bible it is clear that we must seek the Lord while He may be found (Isaiah 55:6) and that once we die, we are destined to judgment (Hebrews 9:27). In addition to this, the idea that a sinner can mend his ways before or after death is also contradictory to that of the Bible because the bible says that only Christ can overcome the sin nature and impart to believers a completely new nature (2 Corinthians 5:17). What could this mean? This could mean everything that Inferno could be completely wrong. This could also m ean that God actually knows that we have the traits that are condemned in Inferno and is willing to forgive those because He knows us because He created us. Dantes depiction of hell involved penalties such as people wallowing in mire, immersed in boiling blood, having heads on backwards, and chasing

Austens Worldview Through Elizabeths Eyes Essay

John Locke once said, â€Å"I have always thought the actions of men the best interpreters of their thoughts,† and this statement couldn’t be truer. In her novels, Jane Austen uses a similar technique to bring her characters to life and make them more relatable to her readers; thus providing a window into the characters’ inner ideals. In one of her masterpieces, Pride and Prejudice, we especially see Austen’s brilliant characterizations into play that speak volumes of insight into society and human nature. More specifically, Austen ingeniously uses Elizabeth Bennet’s actions, her words, her outlook on others, and her comparison with other characters to display Austen’s own innate ideologies. We first see Austen’s mastery at play in providing†¦show more content†¦Firstly, Mrs. Bennet warns Elizabeth against going because she would not look presentable upon her arrival (Austen 23). Secondly, when Elizabeth does arrive at Netherf ield â€Å"her appearance create[s] a great deal of surprise. That she should have walked three miles so early in the day, in such dirty weather, and by herself, was almost incredible to Mrs. Hurst and Miss Bingley; and Elizabeth was convinced that they held her in contempt for it† (Austen 24). What Austen is trying to communicate through Elizabeth’s seemingly simple act of walking to Netherfield by herself is, first of all, Elizabeth’s character and then subtly, she begins to make her point. Austen shows Elizabeth’s selflessness, her bravery, her genuine care for her sister’s wellbeing, and her indifference to what the Bingleys or Darcy would think of her. Even though Elizabeth knew that her traipse would be physically exhausting, would leave her with a bedraggled appearance, and could put her at risk, she decides not to wait for the carriage and goes to see Jane immediately. Along with displaying these positive attributes of Elizabeth, Austen man ages to show readers how proud and self-dependent Elizabeth actually is. The bigger picture Austen is trying to get at is that at times a choice must be made between blindly following the rules of society or doing what seems to be more significant. Although she regards â€Å"propriety†Show MoreRelatedThe Strong Characters In Jane Austens Pride And Prejudice1092 Words   |  5 PagesJane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice, follows Elizabeth Bennet and her transition into the world of marriage and suitors. Elizabeth, after reading Mr. Darcy’s letter, has a pivotal shift in her character that carries on throughout the rest of the novel. Although this shift from making judgments to being shaped by them might make her appear weak, the letter is the point in which she begins to mature into a rational young woman. Some scholars pose the argument that Elizabeth becomes a weaker

The Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin - 972 Words

â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin expresses Ms. Mallard’s feelings towards her husband’s death in an appalling train accident. Due to her bad heart, her sister Josephine had to be the bearer of bad news and approach his death gently to her. According to the quote, â€Å" But now there was a dull stare in her eyes, whose gaze was fixed away off yonder on one of those patches of blue sky. It was not a glance of reflection, but rather indicated a suspension of intelligent thought†, it lets us know that she is quite different than other women and that there is conniving plan she has developed in her mind (31). Ironically, the horrific news brings happiness to her because of her new ability to be free. We notice of her changing personality and her broadened outlook as she sits in her room staring out of the window. As she is dreaming of the lively dreams, we see her become more independent as a woman and actually want to better herself to make her hap py. It seems that Ms. Mallard has waited for this moment from her husband’s existence so that she can discover who she really is. Ms. Mallard finds unexpected freedom by her reaction to her husband’s death, the reaction to him actually being alive, and in the marriage among Mr. and Ms. Mallard. When Ms. Mallard hears the atrocious news about her husband’s death, Josephine thinks that she is heartbroken. As Ms. Mallard scrambles up to her room, she is looking out of her window and notices every single detail. She starts to hear eachShow MoreRelatedThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1241 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin is a wonderful short story bursting with many peculiar twists and turns. Written in 1894, the author tells a tale of a woman who learns of her husband’s death, but comes to find pleasure in it. Many of the elements Kate Chopin writes about in this story symbolize something more than just the surface me aning. Through this short story, told in less than one thousand one hundred words, Kate Chopin illustrates a deeper meaning of Mrs. Mallard’s marriage with herRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin855 Words   |  4 PagesThe Story of an Hour In the â€Å"Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin, is about pleasure of freedom and the oppression of marriage. Just like in Kate Chopin’s story, inside most marriages, even the ones that seem to be the happiest, one can be oppressed. Even though, one might seem to be happy deep inside they miss the pleasure of freedom and living life to the fullest. Just like, in this story Mrs. Mallard feels trapped and when she hears about her husband’s death she first feels distraught, but ultimatelyRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1457 Words   |  6 PagesEmotions and Death Everyone who reads a story will interpret things slightly different than the person who reads it before or after him or her. This idea plays out with most every story, book, song, and movie. These interpretations create conflict and allow people to discuss different ideas and opinions. Without this conflict of thought there is no one devoting time to debate the true meaning of a text. Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† tells about a woman who is informed of her husbands deathRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin987 Words   |  4 PagesIn Kate Chopin’s short story, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† reader’s see a potentially long story put into a few pages filled with rising action, climax and even death. In the beginning of the story, character Louise Mallard, who has a heart condition, is told of the death of her husband by her sister and one of her husband’s friends. Afterwards Mrs. Mallard is filled with emptiness and then joy of freedom. This joy of freedom is actually what consequently leads to her death in the end when she discoversRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1061 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the short story, â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, readers are introduced to characters whose lives change drastically in the course of this writing. Through Kate Chopin’s story we can identify many different themes and examples of symbolism in her writing. Chopin’s choice of themes in this writing are no surprise due to the time frame of which this story was written. Chopin often wrote stories with of women’s rights, and is noted as one of America’s first open feminists. As this story of an ill, helplessRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin998 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The story of an hour† by Kate Chopin was a story that was ironical yet profoundly deep. As a student I have been asked to read â€Å"a story of an hour† many times, and every time I’m surprised by how I enjoy it. People can read thousands of stories in their life times and only a handful will every stand out to them, stories that can draw out an emotion or spark a thought are the ones that will standout more. For me and â€Å"a story of an hour† the thought of freedom is what draws me the most as a teenageRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1542 Words   |  7 PagesIn the short story, â€Å"Story of an Hour†, Kate Chopin writes about a woman with heart trouble, Mrs. Mallard, who, in finding out about the death of her husband, Mr. Mallard, experiences some initial feelings of sadness which quickly transition into the exhilarating discovery of the idea of a newfound freedom lying in front of her. When it is later revealed that her husband is not actually dead, she realizes she will not get to taste that freedom. The devastation kills her. What Mrs. Mallard goes throughRead MoreThe Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin596 Words   |  2 PagesIn â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† Kate Chopin focuses on the idea of freedom throughout the story. Mrs. Mallard is a lonely wife who suffers from heart trouble. She is told by her sister Josephine and her husband’s friend Richards that her husband has passed away in a train accident. She locks herself in a room expecting to be devastated, but instead feels freedom. Later, she exits her room and her husband walks through the door, causing her to die of a heart attack. Chopin uses this story to demonstrateRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin886 Words   |  4 Pages In Kate Chopin â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, the reader is presented with the theme of prohibited independence. In Kate Chopin â€Å"The Storm†, the scenery in this story builds the perfect atmosphere for an adulterous affair. The importance of these stories is to understand the era they occurred. Kate Chopin wrote stories with exceptional openness about sexual desires. In â€Å"The Storm†, a short story written by Kate Chopin in a time when women were expected to act a certain way and sexual cravings was consideredRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin1540 Words   |  7 PagesIn Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour†, the main character, Mrs. Louise Mallard, is a woman with a heart problem that gets horrifying news that her husband has passed away in a train crash. When she starts thinking about her freedom, she gets excited; she is happy to start her new, free life. However, a few hours later her husband walks in the door and she finds out it was all a mistake. When she realizes her freedom is gone her heart stop and she then dies. In â€Å"Desiree’s Baby† Desiree is an orphaned

The Tang Dynasty in China A Golden Era

The Tang Dynasty, following the  Sui  and preceding the Song Dynasty, was a golden age that lasted from 618 to 907 A.D. It is considered the highpoint in Chinese civilization. Under the rule of the Sui Empire, the people suffered wars, forced labor for massive government construction projects, and high taxes. They eventually rebelled, and the Sui dynasty fell in the year 618. The Early Tang Dynasty Amid the chaos of the end of the Sui Dynasty, a powerful general named Li Yuan defeated his rivals; captured the capital city, Chang’an (modern-day Xian); and named himself emperor of the Tang Dynasty empire. He created an efficient bureaucracy, but his reign was short: In 626, his son Li Shimin forced him to step down. Li Shimin became Emperor Taizong and reigned for many years. He expanded China’s rule westward; in time, the area claimed by the Tang reached the Caspian Sea. The Tang empire prospered during Li Shimin’s reign. Situated along the famed  Silk Road trade route, Changan welcomed traders from Korea, Japan, Syria, Arabia, Iran, and Tibet. Li Shimin also put in place a code of law that became a model for later dynasties and even for other countries, including Japan and Korea. China After Li Shimin:  This period is considered the height of the Tang Dynasty. Peace and growth continued after Li Shimin’s death in 649. The empire prospered under stable rule, with increased wealth, growth of cities, and the creation of enduring works of art and literature. It’s believed that Chang’an became the biggest city in the world. The Middle Tang Era: Wars and Dynastic Weakening Civil War:  In 751 and 754, armies of the Nanzhao domain in China won huge battles against Tang armies and gained control of the southern routes of the Silk Road, leading to Southeast Asia and Tibet. Then, in 755, An Lushan, general of a large Tang army, led a rebellion that lasted eight years, seriously undermining the power of the Tang empire.External Attacks:  Also in the mid-750s, the Arabs attacked from the west, defeating a Tang army and gaining control of western Tang lands along with the western Silk Road route. Then the Tibetan empire attacked, taking a large northern area of China and capturing Chang’an in 763. Although Chang’an was recaptured, these wars and land losses left the Tang Dynasty weakened and less able to maintain order throughout China. The End of the Tang Dynasty Reduced in power after the mid-700s wars, the Tang Dynasty was unable to prevent the rise of army leaders and local rulers who no longer pledged their loyalty to the central government. One result was the emergence of a merchant class, which grew more powerful due to the weakening of the government’s control of industry and trade. Ships loaded with merchandise to trade sailed as far as Africa and Arabia. But this did not help to strengthen the Tang government. During the Tang Dynasty’s last 100 years, widespread famine and natural disasters, including massive floods and severe drought, led to the deaths of millions and added to the empire’s decline. Eventually, after a 10-year rebellion, the last Tang ruler was deposed in 907, bringing the Tang Dynasty to a close. The Tang Dynasty’s Legacy The  Tang Dynasty had a major influence on the culture of Asia. This was particularly true in Japan and Korea, which adopted many of the dynasty’s religious, philosophical, architectural, fashion, and literary styles. Among the many contributions to Chinese literature during the Tang Dynasty, the poetry of Du Fu and  Li Bai, considered China’s greatest poets, is remembered and highly regarded to this day. Woodblock printing was invented during the Tang era, helping to spread education and literature throughout the empire and into later eras. Still, another Tang-era invention was an early form of gunpowder, considered one of the most important inventions in pre-modern world history. Sources â€Å"The Tang dynasty.† China Highlights (2015).Tang dynasty. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica (2009).Nelson SM, Fagan BM, Kessler A, Segraves JM. China. In The Oxford companion to archaeology, Brian M. Fagan, Ed. Oxford University Press (1996).

Analysis Kentucky Fried Chickens Cross-Cultural Marketing...

Analysis Kentucky Fried Chickens Cross-cultural Marketing Strategies in China from the Point of View of Cultural Identity Introduction With the acceleration of the process of economic globalization, enterprises face the consumer behavior differences caused by the cultural identity between countries inevitably in the process of international operations. So, corporate marketing executives should understand the cultural background of a country and develop effective marketing strategies accordingly. In cross-cultural marketing, the famous American chain of fast food restaurants - Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) has made great success in China doubtlessly, after entering the Chinese market in 1986. As cultural identity has components†¦show more content†¦For instance, food retailers modify the distribution of products according to local tastes, values, and traditions. KFC has done this perfectly. China is a country whose people show greet interests to food culture. Facing Chinese market which has a long and rich food culture, KFC did not stick to the fried chicken and french fries. Beginning from 2000, KFC has continued to try to figure out Chinese peoples tastes, launching typical Chinese products, such as old Beijing chicken roll, carrot bread, corn salad, KFC nutritious breakfast (mushrooms and chicken porridge, seafood egg porridge, soy milk, fritters ) and so on. In the past two years, KFC can monthly launch one or two kinds of long-term or short-term localized product. Nowadays, in addition to a few species of raw materials to be imported, KFC has achieved the domestic raw materials in China. Local sourcing not only led to the development of local suppliers, but also to enhance the visibility of the KFC, to narrow the distance with local people, to be more timely in response to food quality and safety issues. Conclusion When economic globalization is becoming severe, in order to develop well and be successful in the world, multinational corporations must be concerned about the cultural differences and their core factors. KFC identifies the key factorsShow MoreRelatedScm of Kfc13161 Words   |  53 Pages29th, 2010 KFC Corporation (KFC), founded and also known as Kentucky Fried Chicken, is a chain of fast food restaurants based in Louisville, Kentucky, in the United States. KFC has been a brand and operating segment, termed a concept[2] of Yum! Brands since 1997 when that company was spun off from PepsiCo as Tricon Global Restaurants Inc. KFC primarily sells chicken pieces, wraps, salads and sandwiches. While its primary focus is fried chicken, KFC also offers a line of grilled and roasted chicken

Indus Valley Civilization Free Essays

Identify and analyze the criteria necessary for a community of people to be characterized as a civilization by comparing and contrasting how well the societies of the Indus River Valley and the Huanghe (Shang Dynasty) River Valley meet the criteria. Use the Persian  charts to guide your comparative analysis of these similarities and differences. The term civilization refers to a complex human society, in which people live in groups of settled dwellings. We will write a custom essay sample on Indus Valley Civilization or any similar topic only for you Order Now Growth and decline of civilizations depended on several traits such as complex government, religion, and religious rituals, presence of writing and record keeping, advanced science and technology, advanced artistic and intellectual skills, city planning and monumental buildings, division of social classes, and specialization of labor. The Huanghe River Valley (China) could be characterized as a civilization. This early civilization had one monarch (Shang) that regulated irrigation. They praised the god like kings of early civilizations starting with P’anku. Haunghe River Valley formed an alphabet based on ideographic symbols. The use of writing allowed them to record part fact and part fiction knowledge of early kings. Artistically, the Chinese emphasized delicate designs. Shang ruled and constructed some impressive tombs and palaces. The Indus River Valley shared many characteristics of a civilization. This civilization had political ideas and religious views combined with Indo-European migrants. The Indus River Valley developed their own alphabet (Harappan), which was never deciphered. Indians pride became an important part of their main identity. Overall, the Huanghe and Indus River Valley had qualities that could characterize them as civilizations. Even though there were differences, it was still considered a complex human society in which people lived in groups of settled dwellings. How to cite Indus Valley Civilization, Essay examples

Water Contamination free essay sample

This paper deals with the E.P.A. violations regarding water contamination. The paper reviews the work A Civil Action by Jonathan Harr as a basis for exploring violation of E.P.A. regarding water contamination. It uses the incident of water contamination that took place at Woburn, Massachusetts in the 1960s and 70s as one that serves as a lesson in the prevention of water contamination. It lists the deficiencies responsible for the contamination, such as the lack of laboratory checks, lack of inspections of the land and water, lack of compliance evaluation and inhibited civil action. A Civil Action by Jonathan Harr is a book that brings awareness to communities that might be unaware of the EPA standards against water contamination, and the neglect of concerned authorities allowing industries to carry out their illegal dumping of chemicals in certain areas. The incident of water contamination that took place at Woburn, Massachusetts is one that serves as a lesson in history that should not be repeated. We will write a custom essay sample on Water Contamination or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This case of water contamination was believed to be responsible for claiming many lives through leukemia because of a chemical substance (Trichloroethylene) present in the water.

Renaissance Question mark Essay Example For Students

Renaissance Question mark Essay Why did the discoveries of the renaissance have such limited impact on the understanding and treatment of illness? (12 Marks) Knowing how somebodys Jaw fits together isnt going to cure the plague! The first of these reasons is that the discoveries made during these times were prima rill about anatomy not treatment. Vesuvius dissected bodies in order to prove that many of the works that Galen the renowned ancient Greek who had formed the basis for modern medical teachings ad produced, were in fact wrong. This included the discovery that the Jaw is comprised of one single bone not the two that Galen had said. William Harvey focused on the distribution of blood around the body. He discovered t hat blood flows only one way around the body, and that blood is reused and not constantly pro deduced by the liver as Galen had suggested. He used many complex diagrams which when com binned with the invention of the printing press became quickly distributed throughout the world in the Oromo of a book entitled An anatomical account of the motion of the heart and blood I animals. These would late form key elements in helping to identify effective drugs an d cures, but during the Renaissance they were met with opposition and took over 40 years beef ore they became accepted ideas in medical schools. Many people were also afraid to cure themselves illnesses were created by God to punish you or test your loyalty. Attempting to get rid of these would be going against God, at a time hen the Church wielded significant power and had the backing of the crown. If at all , they preferred to trust in wise women or curies of their villages, who themselves were in stately suspicious of using new methods over Trinidad trusted ones. As such, while people attempted to understand the human body, there was very little demand for advancing g cures. This was different in cities, where revolutions were taking place. Inventions such as t he microscope and the mechanical pump greatly increased our understanding of the bob dye.

Writing Environment Essays - DraftCarson Hill,

Writing Environment Writing Environment My room is my own little world to dream and write what I feel and what I know about the world. The way its set up, its like to let anybody get inspired in their writing here in my room. Most of my things in my room are here to help me with my writing, and have all the tools needed to write a good paper. I also use my room to hang out and have fun when my friends come over. My writing environment is set up to help me get inspired. My room is set up to accommodate my writing. When somebody walks into my room the first thing they will see is a sign on the door thats black and white, it says authorized personnel only, ask Elmer First or die, I printed it on my computer. The sign is there to keep unwanted people out, mostly my family. When people come in my room the thing they notice the most are the colors of my room, which are black, gray and white. The gray is a stripe about five inches wide around my room in the middle, the black is on the bottom from the gray, and the white is on the top. On the wall were the door is located, my closet is next to it, in between the closet and the door I have a poster of Jim Morrison and on my door from the inside I have a black and white hangers where I put my towel and my hats. On the next wall I have my desk right underneath a small window thats high on the wall. On one side of this window I have a picture of James Dean and on the other side a poster black and white with the Jack Daniels logo. Right underneath Brambila 2 I have my 27 TV, which sits on a black TV stand were I also have magazines, movies, books, cds and my VCR, right next to my desk. On my desk I have a telephone, alarm clock, paper, computer software, a computer and a picture frame with no picture yet, which is black and gray. On the other wall I have a bigger window and on the sides of this window I have a poster of Jim Morrison with a poem called Rock is not dead, and on the other side a poster of The Beatles with all the covers of the records they released, and the date they released it. Underneath this window sits my drawers were I put my t-shirts, my underwear and my shorts, I also use it to eat or put stuff on top, it has little wheels so its easy to move around. On the other wall I have another poster of The Beatles on that one theyre standing next to a burned car, the poster is black and white. Underneath this poster is my bed thats black and white with gray covers most of the time. This bed folds into a sofa facing the desk and the TV. Know that you have a complete description of my room, I should tell you that the most important place for my writing is my desk, were I have my computer software, pencils, paper and all the material needed to write. My desk is big, with all the space needed to write comfortably and put all the paper and books needed to write a research paper. When I sit on my desk, I sit to write, talk on the phone, play games on the computer and do all my homework. The advantage of my writing environment is that I love it, I put so much heart and effort to make my room the way it is. I would call it a good thing because I write in a place that I love. Its always good to be in a comfortable place, to be able to write and get inspired by what surrounds you. I have Jim Morrison, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, Brambila 3 George Harrison and Ringo Starr on my walls there all writers; its an advantage because I like there work and admire them as writers. The computer is a strong advantage

Skills Required to Excel as an Administrative Assistant

Skills Required to Excel as an Administrative Assistant Administrative assistants keep a business on track while doing a myriad of duties- becoming the right-hand person for a top-notch executive requires  poise and adaptability. For those who want to enter  this career path and search for administrative assistant jobs, having what it takes is the important first step.Maintaining an Efficient WorkplaceA major job  responsibility  for administrative assistants is keeping everyone on time and on task. They must make sure executives not only arrive at meetings on time but also have what they need to conduct the meetings properly. Being organized in order to keep a top-level executive organized is another important duty.Staying on Top of the IndustryAn administrative assistant needs to understand industry terminology. Being able to carry on a conversation or understand notes flooded with technical jargon is key. In addition, staying on top of the technology the business uses most, as well as technology that might be employed in the fu ture, enables  administrative assistants to move smoothly through the day.Proficiency  in Microsoft Office including Word, Excel and Power Point is expected, according to a representative of the International Association of Administrative Professionals.Turning Difficult Situations into Pleasant OnesA good administrative assistant is able to make the difficult seem easy, and that includes handling difficult personalities. From visitors to other office workers, making it possible for things to be copacetic is a hallmark of the assistant.When emotions run high, using humor and authority keeps thing running smoothly. In fact, good administrative assistants can see a problematic situation before it happens and thwart it, according to one well-known and high-ranking admin.Being the Face and Voice of a CompanyThe administrative assistant is generally the first person a visitor meets. Having the ability to represent the company in a well-spoken manner is indispensable. In addition, writ ing emails or letters to a wide range of individuals requires  an excellent command of the English language. Many administrative assistants take night courses to brush up on solid writing techniques.Maintaining FlexibilityAccording to executives and business owners, nothing is more highly prized than flexibility. Being able to think ahead and see things that need to be done or implement easier ways to accomplish tasks are hallmarks of the successful administrative assistant.Finding new solutions to existing problems and ways to avert other problems in the future makes an administrative assistant indispensable. Beyond that, finding ways to cut costs, such as streamlining office procedures or locating vendors who offer a better price, makes for a better bottom line.Todays administrative assistant can choose between a myriad of industries to select one that best suits his or her talents. Administrative assistant jobs with certain criteria are found using TheJobNetwork platform. This free to use online job search process lets you list the type of job you want and your background. It uses the information to search for jobs on a 24-hour basis. Once a job is located, TheJobNetwork sends a message to your email alerting you of the position.

Be aware of motorcycle riders Speech or Presentation

Be aware of motorcycle riders - Speech or Presentation Example According to the U.S. Department of Transportation’s National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), a person is 37 times more likely to die in a motorcycle accident than a car accident and nine times more likely to become injured while riding a motorcycle than while driving a car (Keller & Keller, par.6). These data are quite alarming and disturbing. I think that it should be the concern of every American, motorcycle rider or not, to be more cognizant of motorcycles on the road. Motorists should be reminded that motorcycles are a legal and legitimate form of transportation and that motorcyclists have as much of a right to be on the road as other motor vehicles. Motorcyclists are more vulnerable to injury in case of a crash. This is one reason why motorists must be especially aware of the dangers that motorcyclists face on the road. Motorists must always be reminded that they must "share the road" with motorcycles and that they should be aware of the presence of motorc ycles at all times, since they might be more difficult to see than other cars. Over two-thirds of car-motorcycle crashes are caused by drivers, not by motorcyclists (Saveabiker.com, par.1).

American Artist Jean-Michel Basquiat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

American Artist Jean-Michel Basquiat - Essay Example The focus of this essay "American Artist Jean-Michel Basquiat" is on Jean-Michel Basquiat's biography and his specific art works. He had a unique mastery of art in quite a wide range of fields including music, painting, poem writing and graffiti. Just before his death in August 1988, he had become a distinguished primitivist and neo-expressionist painter. When he was seven years old, Basquiat was involved in an accident, where he was almost ran on by a car. As a result, he suffered some systemic injuries that made him to a surgical procedure where his spleen was extracted. Around this time, Basquiat’s parents separated and he was raised by his father. Due to their family’s financial strain, he dropped out of school at Grade 10 and began selling post cards and old shirts to take care of family needs. This paper describes such incredible artwork of Basquiat as The Untitled Head (1984). Contrary to many of his later works, which had been completed relatively quickly, The U ntitled (Head) was started and put aside for a few months, and was completed later in the year 1984. It is not clear why this happened but a number of analysts have alluded to the fact that Basquiat was hesitant to complete the painting because he became quite uncomfortable with the popularity he was gaining from his artistic works and the resultant unexpected image. Although the painting was exhibited in the artist’s debut presentation in New York as Untitled, when it became part of the collection of its current owners.

Functions of Modal Verbs in European and British Legal Documents

Functions of Modal Verbs in European and British Legal Documents Functions of Modal Verbs in European and British Legal Documents Abstract: Researches in languages for special purposes have qualified legal texts as a distinctive type of texts. The purpose of this study is to describe linguistic features of modal verbs which were found in different types of legal writing and to examine the reasons for their use. In this paper I will try to compare the use of modal verbs in European Directives and British Statutes and to investigate the expression of obligation in legal texts such as contracts which are texts which lay down the obligations and the rights of the parties to the contract. Key words: coherence, obligation, modality, legislation, variety, statement, behaviour. Modal Verbs in Contract Law There are different types of legal writing. According to their purpose there are operative legal documents, expository documents and persuasive documents. Legal language is widely spread in all areas of social life and it can be combined with language from different domains. The function of the law is double: regulative and constitutive. The legal genre represents a sublanguage which includes a wide range of texts and situational patterns. The legal genre contains a variety of sub-genres such as statutes, conventions and contracts. There are different ways of expressing obligation in legal English. Legal documents may prohibit certain actions, may confer rights or create obligations, may permit or authorize certain actions. Therefore, there are four types of legal rules: authorizations, obligations, prohibitions and permissions. There are certain rules used in legal language to formulate these rules nut these are not subject to grammar rules but to drafting principles. The present study will focus on the investigation of grammatical ways of expressing obligation through the use of modal verbs. The textual organisation of a contract contains the following elements: title, introduction, recitals, and definitions, body of the documents, provisions, signatures and dates. The contract law developed in the 19th century and derives from the principles which characterized the Industrial Revolution. Nevertheless, the origins of contract law are much more ancient than that and are to be found in the early common law of the Middle Ages. The main preoccupation of society at that time was land ownership and law developed very quickly in relation to the protection of ownership of land or of interests in land. As a result, the law of that time was also mainly concerned with property rights. The distinction that the law drew in terms of identifying the enforceability of rights was between formal agreements and informal ones. A formal agreement was one made in writing and which was authenticated by the practice of ‘sealing. This is the origin of the deed, which was the method accepte d for transfer of land and interests in land up to 1989, when the requirement to complete the document by the process of sealing was relaxed in favour of the already common practice of witnessing the document. Narrative contracts often contain ambiguities (e.g., conflicts and gaps) and these must be avoided or at least the conflicts arising from them resolved. Furthermore, there may be complex interdependencies between contract clauses that can be hard to track down. The content of the contract has to be in conformity with the legal framework and it forces the parties to involve themselves in politeness strategies in order to avoid the face threatening acts. The modal verbs occurring in contracts have double or triple functions and this applies to the modals shall, will, can and must. The modal will may be used to express either an obligation or a prediction, may and can express permission or possibility while must may express obligation (deontic use) or logical necessity. The strategies placing the parties to the contract under some kind of obligation are the most frequently used directives in English contracts. In order to express obligation in a contract the modal shall is used and expresses the illocutionary force of an order: â€Å"The distributor shall pay commission on a quarterly basis†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The regulation of behaviour in a contract can be made by issuing prohibitions and here the modal verb shall is used again: â€Å"The Representative shall not be entitled to enter into any contract or obligation on behalf of the Company without the express written consent of the Company being first obtained†. Statements of permission issued by some authority are usually conveyed with the help of the modal verb may: â€Å"The employer may determine the hiring at any time by giving one months previous notice in writing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The contract also stipulates the limitations of liability and the assignment of benefits which are expressed with the help of shall. In this case the most frequently used verbs in connection with the auxiliary shall are: entitle, relieve, accept, have power, etc. In the language of contracts shall represents the principal means of expressing obligations. Obligations and intentions are the main aspects dealing with a contract. The modals shall and will have each been used to express modal meanings and to mark future time. But shall is rarely used to indicate future time. Shall is a modal used to impose obligation on the subject of a sentence. In contract law it conveys the meaning â€Å"has a duty to†. Lawyers tend to avoid using the modal must, because they find it too bossy. Another alternative instead of shall could be will but it seems less promising. Even if many legal drafters tend to avoid using the modal must, this may be an alternative to shall as a means of expressing obligation. The use of must instead of shall may express any obligation whether it is imposed on the subject of a sentence. For example:†The Company must reimburse the Sales Manager for all authorized expenses†./†The meeting must take place at the companys headquarters†. But a disciplined use of shall to impose an obligation on the subject of the sentence makes clear who owes the obligation: The Company shall reimburse the Sales Manager for all authorized expenses. An obligation can be expressed in other ways by using passive voice: The Sales Manager shall be reimbursed for all authorized expenses. Or one could use is entitled to: The Sales Manager shall be entitled to be reimbursed for all authorized expenses.† Shall is also used to express future time in contracts and these may result in confusion. There are cases when the simple present tense would be more appropriate as for example: â€Å"This agreement shall be governed by the Los Angeles law.† Due to the fact that shall is unusual in ordinary speech, this modal verb has been criticized by the Plain English Campaign, which recommends the use of must to express obligations. (Tiersma, 214). Comparative Analysis of Modal Verbs in European Directives and British Statutes Modal verbs usually appear in the sequence of verbs in a verb phrase. They are finite verb form with no inflected endings and no past tense. They are followed by the short infinitive. The most frequently used modals in legal English are: shall, may, must, would, will followed by can, ought to, should. According to the European style guide the enacting terms of the EU legislation can be divided into two linguistic categories: imperative terms and declarative terms. The imperative terms may be further divided into positive and negative commands and permissions and the declarative terms are those terms that are implemented by virtue of being declared. The study of modality is concerned with the meaning of the modals. Legal language contains both deontic and epistemic modality. Epistemic modality shows how certain is a speaker about an expressed utterance. Deontic modality involves both language and action and refers to the instances when the speaker orders, promises or places an obligation to someone. Deontic modality can be divided into: a) directives (expressing possibility by the use of may or necessity by the use of must); b) commissives (expressing promises) and imperatives. I carried out a comparative analysis to show the frequency of the modals in both European and British legislative texts. The European directives used in this work were taken from the Official Journal of the European Communities and the Acts of Parliament from the online UK Statute Law Database. Table 2 Act of Parliament Directive ↓ ↓ Shall → 60 301 Should → 20 150 Will → 10 6 Would → 30 12 Must → 90 1 Can → 5 30 Could → 10 5 May → 100 96 According to table 1 the most frequently used modal verb in the European directive is shall, while may is the most frequently used modal in the British Act of Parliament. EU legal drafters tend to use modal verbs in prescriptive statements and should is used instead of must because it is less strong than must. Bhatia states that â€Å"shall not only sustains the myth of precision in legal language but also perpetuates a style and language that differentiates the genre from that of other professions†.(Bhatia, 101-102) The verb shall is one of the most frequently used modal auxiliary in legislative writing, especially in European legal texts, and therefore it fulfils a variety of functions. Crystal and Davy talk about the different uses of this modal verb and state that in legal English: â€Å"Shall is invariably used to express what is to be the obligatory consequence of a legal decision, and not simply as a marker of future tense, which is its main function in other varieties .†(Crystal and Davy, 206-207) In the European legal text shall is used to indicate a positive command, as for example: â€Å"For authorisation as a payment institution, an application shall be submitted to the competent authorities of the home Member State†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Shall may be also used to give directions or to indicate future events as in the following example: â€Å"Each element shall be included in the sum with its positive or negative sign.† Here the verb shall may have the meaning of is to be included, but it can be also interpreted as a future event meaning that after the directive comes into force each element will be included in the sum. Shall is also used in both European and British texts to express an order: â€Å" If the payment service user provides information additional to that specified in Articles 37(1)(a) or 42(2)(b), the payment service provider shall be liable only for the execution of payment transactions in accordance with the unique identifier provided by the payment service user.† (Directive 2007/64/EC, 319-31) In this example taken out from the European directive, the modal verb shall indicates the obligations of the payment service provider which represents the addresser. So, according to this provision the addresser must conform to this obligation of executing the payment transactions. In British legal texts shall is used to express an obligation: â€Å"Accordingly, in determining in the case of an offender whether it should take steps as mentioned in subsection (1), the court shall also have regard to the matters mentioned in those paragraphs.†(Criminal Justice and Immigration Act, Part 2, p. 8) In this example taken from Criminal Justice and Immigration Act shall expresses the obligations of the court and the steps that have to be taken in determining the case of the offender. Shall can be used to express the application of a directive: â€Å"This Directive shall apply to payment services provided within the Community.† (Directive 2007/64/EC, 319-9) Shall can also be used to state rules: â€Å"This Section shall apply to other payment transactions, unless otherwise agreed between the payment service user and his payment service provider, with the exception of Article 73, which is not at the disposal of the parties.† (Directive 2007/64/EC, 319-30) In this example shall serves as an indicator for the application of this provision. It also indicates the rules according to which this section is valid. Shall may be used to express prohibitions: â€Å"†¦such credit shall not be granted from the funds received or held for the purpose of executing a payment transaction;†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Directive 2007/64/EC, 319-17) The use of shall may also create ambiguity, especially in British legal writings: â€Å"No order or regulations which, by virtue of section 18A, is or are to have effect for a limited period shall be made unless a draft of the order or regulations has been laid before, and approved by a resolution of, each House of Parliament†(Criminal Justice and Immigration Act, Part 4, p. 45). The predicate from this sentence, containing the modal auxiliary shall refers to an inanimate subject no order or regulations. This indicates that a rule is imposed an abstract thing (in this case order or regulation) and the agent of the action is not specified. So, in this example we have passive voice without an agent. This construction shall + BE + past participle is frequently used in both types on legal documents. The construction shall + short infinitive is also widely used especially in European legal texts. Critics also say that legal drafters should avoid using a negative subject with the affirmative form of shall. (No orders or regulations (†¦) shall be made). Shall is a modal verb which expresses a legal obligation, but in most of the cases this verb occurs with non-human subjects. Anna Trosborg argues that â€Å"statements with non-human subjects typically refer to functions of the statutory instruments, they explain when a law is effectuated, how far an act extends, whom it affects, how a term is to be understood, etc., and such they serve as conditions to be considered by the citizens as well as the court.†(Trosborg, 106). In this cases the modal verb shall has a declarative function and here are some examples when the modal verb is used with inanimate subjects: â€Å"An authorisation shall only be granted to a legal person established in a Member State† (Directive 2007/64/EC, 25). â€Å"A provision shall not be contained by virtue of subsection (1)(b) in a warrant under section 4A unless it satisfies the following two conditions† (Criminal Justice and Immigration Act, Part 6, p. 71) In these texts I did not find any sentences where human subjects are specified. In most of the instances shall is used in the passive voice with non human subject. Because of the fact that most of the passive constructions with shall are agentless, most occurrences of shall are unmotivated. Verbal groups are characterized by a high number of non-finites. Among the finites the most frequently found group is modal auxiliary+ be +past participle, and in this construction the most used modal auxiliary is shall which expresses deontic modality. Crystal and Davy say that shall expresses â€Å"what is to be the obligatory consequence of a legal decision and not simply as a marker of the future sense, which is its normal function†( Crystal, Davy, 206-207). e.g. : â€Å"Such waste shall be subject to all provisions of Directive 75/442/EEC. It shall in particular be: destined for duly authorised facilities only, authorised according to Articles 10 and 11 of Directive 75/442/EEC, subject to all provisions of Articles 8, 12, 13 and 14 of Directive 75/442/EEC†( Case C 176/05). In this example shall occurs in passive sentences. In legal language shall does not indicate the future, it indicates an obligation. Shall is also to be found in declarations. It is commonly used in legal language and therefore it has the function of indicating that the document in which it occurs is legal. The verbs used with shall are selected from a small number of lexical sets, such as apply, be, preclude, exceed, act, vacate, etc. The frequency of this modal and the avoidance of the modal auxiliary must shows in a way an improvement over the British style, but its use in excess also leads to ambiguities regarding its different meanings. Another modal verb that is predominantly used in legal texts is the modal auxiliary may. As table 1 shows, may is the most frequently used modal verb in British Acts of Parliament. May expresses permission, but it has some other additional meanings. The following three examples have been taken from the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act and show different instances when this modal auxiliary is used: (1) â€Å"†¦or with the requirements of any community order or any youth community order to which he may be subject†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (2) â€Å"The court may make a youth rehabilitation order in respect of the current offence instead of imposing a fine†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (3) â€Å"Rules under sub-paragraph (4)(a) may, in particular, make provision in relation to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (4)â€Å"The Secretary of State may by order amend paragraph 2, 3 or 4 by substituting for any reference to an amount of money or a number of hours or days there specified a reference to such other amount or number as may be specified in the order.† In the third example reference is made to the inanimate subject rules, while in the first, second and fourth example references are made to human subjects. In the first sentence we have the pronoun he as a subject and in the second sentence the noun court. The most frequently used subject in combination with the modal may is the noun court. In the first sentence may indicates probability, possibility although this modal is not normally used to convey possibility or probability. This feature is characteristic for the common usage. In the fourth example may has the meaning of to grant a right or a power. But this sentence is a little bit ambiguous because the modal verb may can simply refer to the possibility that the Secretary of State might amend the paragraphs under certain circumstances. The use of the negative form of may can be ambiguous. In spite of the fact that the positive form of this modal has a different meaning from must and shall, the negative form is the same. The negative form is used to express prohibition, something that is forbidden, and that is why this form should normally be avoided. Therefore may+not is used in the sense of limiting the rights or the powers of a provision as in the following example: â€Å"The power conferred by subsection (1) may not be exercised in relation to any sentence or order if an appeal, or an application for leave to appeal, against that sentence or order has been determined† (Criminal Justice and Immigration Act, Part 3, p. 206) In the example the negative form of may limits the power of this provision under certain circumstances. This means that the power under section 1 cannot be used in relation to any sentence if that appeal has already been determined. The modal verb must is used to describe a requirement or a prohibition and in general English it expresses obligation. As table 1 shows, it is frequently used in British Acts of Parliament. The European drafters have tried to avoid using this modal auxiliary, perhaps because of the fact that shall is the most frequently used modal verb in the European directives. However, critics have argued that the use of shall and must at the same time leads to ambiguity because readers may not understand any more whether different meanings are intended. Must + not expresses a prohibition, as in the following example: â€Å"The Secretary of State must not release a person under subsection (2) unless the Secretary of State is satisfied that it is not necessary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Criminal Justice and Immigration Act, Part 2, p. 22). Must also expresses an obligation: â€Å"Where on a reference under subsection (1) relating to any person the Board recommends his immediate release on licence under this Chapter, the Secretary of State must give effect to the recommendation.† (Criminal Justice and Immigration Act, Part 2, p. 22). Here the verb must suggests that the Secretary of State has the obligation to give effect to the recommendation. To sum up the functions of the most frequently used modals, one can say that the modal shall is the most frequent auxiliary used in the European directives. It fulfils many functions from imposing an obligation to creating rights or defining words. May is frequently used in British statutes and expresses permission and authorization. Must is used to express obligation and prohibition in legal language and should not be used as an alternative to shall. The language of the legislative documents is not only informative providing the reader with details and useful information about their rights and obligations, but it also specifies and mentions the authority which issues, orders or prohibits certain acts. This authoritative and permissive dimension is conveyed in legal English by the means of modal verbs. Bibliography Bhatia, Vijay. Analysing Genre: Language Use in Professional Settings. London: Longman, 1993 Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Crystal, David and Davy, Derek. Investigating English Style. London: Longman, 1969. Garner, Bryan. A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage, second edition, Oxford University Press, 1995. Kimble, Joseph. The Many Misuses of Shall in Scribes J. Legal Writing, 1992. Mellinkoff, David. The Language of Law. Boston: Little Brown, 1994. Taylor, Christopher. Language to language: A practical and theoretical guide for Italian and English translators. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Tiersma, Peter. Legal Language, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. Trosborg, Anna. Rhetorical Strategies in Legal Language. Tà ¼bingen: Gunter Narr Verlag, 1997. Corpus: Case C 176/05, KVZ retec GmbH v Republik Ãâ€"sterreich, March 2007 Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 DIRECTIVE 2007/64/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 13 November 2007 on payment services in the internal market amending Directives 97/7/EC, 2002/65/EC, 2005/60/EC and 2006/48/EC and repealing Directive 97/5/EC